Arthroscopy is a minimally invasive surgical procedure used by orthopaedic surgeons to diagnose and treat problems inside a joint. This technique is highly effective for various joint issues and is less invasive than traditional open surgery. Here, we delve into the details of arthroscopy, how it works, its benefits, and its application in modern medicine, mainly focusing on arthroscopic surgery in India.
Understanding Arthroscopy
Arthroscopy derives from two Greek words: "arthro" (joint) and "skopein" (to look). It essentially means "to look within the joint." The procedure involves inserting a small camera, called an arthroscope, into the joint through a small incision. This camera projects images of the inside of the joint onto a screen, allowing the surgeon to see any damage or abnormalities.
How Arthroscopy Works
The Procedure
Preparation:
Anaesthesia: The patient is given anaesthesia, which can be local, regional, or general, depending on the joint being examined and the extent of the procedure.
Incision: A small incision, about the size of a buttonhole, is made in the skin over the joint.
Insertion: The arthroscope, a thin tube with a fibre-optic camera, is inserted through the incision.
Inspection:
Visualisation: The camera relays real-time images of the joint's interior to a monitor, allowing the surgeon to inspect the cartilage, ligaments, and other structures.
Diagnosis: Any abnormalities, such as torn ligaments, damaged cartilage, or loose bodies, can be identified.
Treatment:
Surgical Tools: If treatment is necessary, small surgical instruments are inserted through additional tiny incisions.
Repairs: Procedures such as removing or repairing damaged tissue, smoothing rough surfaces, or removing loose fragments can be performed.
Closure:
Incisions: The instruments and arthroscope are removed, and the incisions are closed with stitches or sterile strips.
Bandage: The area is then bandaged to keep it clean and protect the incisions.
Applications of Arthroscopy
Arthroscopy is commonly used for various joints, including the knee, shoulder, elbow, wrist, ankle, and hip. Some common conditions treated with arthroscopy include:
Knee Arthroscopy:
Torn meniscus
ACL reconstruction
Removal of loose bodies
Shoulder Arthroscopy:
Rotator cuff repair
Shoulder impingement
Labral tears
Hip Arthroscopy:
Hip impingement
Labral tears
Loose bodies
Benefits of Arthroscopy
Arthroscopic surgery offers several advantages over traditional open surgery, including:
Minimally Invasive:
Smaller incisions lead to less tissue damage and scarring.
Reduced Pain and Swelling:
The smaller incisions and minimally invasive nature result in less postoperative pain and swelling.
Faster Recovery:
Patients typically experience quicker recovery times and can return to normal activities sooner.
Lower Risk of Infection:
More minor wounds reduce the risk of infection compared to larger surgical sites.
Outpatient Procedure:
Many arthroscopic surgeries are performed on an outpatient basis, allowing patients to go home the same day.
Preparing for Arthroscopic Surgery
Proper preparation is essential for the success of arthroscopic surgery. Here are some steps patients can take to prepare:
Medical Evaluation:
To assess the joint condition, a thorough medical evaluation, including a physical examination and imaging tests, is conducted.
Medications:
Patients should inform their doctor about their medications, as some may need to be adjusted before surgery.
Fasting:
Patients may be instructed to fast for a certain period before the procedure, mainly if general anaesthesia is used.
Arrangements:
Arrangements for transportation and assistance at home post-surgery should be made in advance.
Recovery and Rehabilitation
Recovery from arthroscopic surgery involves several stages:
Immediate Postoperative Care:
The surgical site is monitored for any signs of infection or complications.
Pain management strategies, including medications and ice application, are implemented.
Physical Therapy:
Physical therapy is crucial for restoring joint function and strength. Exercises are tailored to the specific joint and condition.
Activity Restrictions:
Patients are advised to avoid strenuous activities and follow the surgeon's weight-bearing and movement restrictions guidelines.
Follow-Up Appointments:
Regular follow-up appointments are scheduled to monitor progress and address any concerns.
Conclusion
Arthroscopy is a revolutionary technique that has transformed the field of orthopaedic surgery. Its minimally invasive nature and diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities make it an invaluable tool for treating various joint conditions. Arthroscopic surgery in India has gained widespread acceptance due to its effectiveness, advanced technology, skilled surgeons, and cost-efficiency. For patients suffering from joint pain or injury, arthroscopy offers a promising solution with the potential for a quicker and smoother recovery, enabling them to return to their daily activities with reduced pain and improved mobility.
